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- The Path Of The Just Moshe Chaim Luzzatto Pdf
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Moshe Chaim Luzzatto | |
---|---|
Title | Rabbi |
Personal | |
Born | Moshe Chaim Luzzato 1707 |
Died | 16 May 1746 Acre, Israel |
Religion | Judaism |
Parents | |
Yahrtzeit | 26 Iyar 5506 |
Tziyun (gravemark), or more likely the cenotaph of the Ramhal in Tiberias, ir hakodesh (holy city), Israel.
Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Hebrew: משה חיים לוצאטו, also Moses Chaim, Moses Hayyim, also Luzzato) (1707 – 16 May 1746 (26 Iyar 5506)), also known by the Hebrew acronymRaMCHaL (or RaMHaL, רמח'ל), was a prominent ItalianJewishrabbi, kabbalist, and philosopher.
- 7Legacy
Early life[edit]
Moshe Chaim Luzzatto was born in 1707 in the Jewish Ghetto of Padua, Italy. The son of Jacob Vita and Diamente Luzzatto,[1] he received classical Jewish and Italian education, showing a predilection for literature at a very early age. He may have attended the University of Padua and certainly associated with a group of students there, known to dabble in mysticism and alchemy. With his vast knowledge in religious lore, the arts, and science, he quickly became the dominant figure in that group. His writings demonstrate mastery of the Tanakh, the Talmud, and the rabbinical commentaries and codes of Jewish law.
Controversy[edit]
The Path Of The Just Moshe Chaim Luzzatto Pdf
The turning point in Luzzatto's life came at the age of twenty, when he claimed to have received direct instruction from an angel (known as a maggid). While stories of such encounters with celestial entities were not unknown in kabbalistic circles, it was unheard of for someone of such a young age. His peers were enthralled by his written accounts of these 'Divine lessons', but the leading Italian rabbinical authorities were highly suspicious and threatened to excommunicate him. Just one hundred years earlier another young mystic, Shabbatai Zvi (1626–1676), had rocked the Jewish world by claiming to be the Messiah. Although, at one point, Zvi had convinced many European and Middle Eastern rabbis of his claim, the episode ended with him recanting and converting to Islam. The global Jewish community was still reeling from that, and the similarities between Luzzatto's writings and Zvi's were perceived as being particularly dangerous and heretical.
These writings, only some of which have survived, are often misunderstood to describe a belief that the Ramchal and his followers were key figures in a messianic drama that was about to take place. In this contentious interpretation, he identified one of his followers as the Messiah, son of David, and assumed for himself the role of Moses, claiming that he was that biblical figure's reincarnation.
Departure from Italy[edit]
After threats of excommunication and many arguments, Luzzatto finally came to an understanding with many of the Rabbanim (prominent rabbis), including his decision not to write the maggid's lessons or teach mysticism. In 1735, Luzzatto left Italy for Amsterdam, believing that in the more liberal environment there, he would be able to pursue his mystical interests. Passing through Germany, he appealed to the local rabbinical authorities to protect him from the threats of the Italian rabbis. They refused and forced him to sign a document stating that all the teachings of the maggid were false.
Writings[edit]
Most of his writings were burned, though some did survive. From the Zoharic writings, the 70 Tikkunim Hadashim re-appeared in 1958 against all odds, in the main library of Oxford. 'Arrangements' of thoughts, these Tikkunim expose 70 different essential uses of the last verse of the Humash (the five books of Moses). Supposedly taught word-by-word in Aramaic by Luzzatto's 'Maggid,' they parallel the Tikunei haZohar ('Rectifications of the Zohar'), ascribed by some to Rabbi Simeon bar Yochai, the Rashbi, which expose the 70 fundamental understandings of the first verse of the Humash (Books of Moses).
Amsterdam[edit]
When Luzzatto finally reached Amsterdam, he was able to pursue his studies of the Kabbalah relatively unhindered. Earning a living as a diamond cutter, he continued writing but refused to teach. It was in this period that he wrote his magnum opus the Mesillat Yesharim (1740), essentially an ethical treatise but with certain mystical underpinnings. The book presents a step-by-step process by which every person can overcome the inclination to sin and might eventually experience a divine inspiration similar to prophecy. Another prominent work, Derekh Hashem (The Way of God) is a concise work on the core theology of Judaism, it is considered authoratative by Orthodox Jewish Scholars. The same concepts are discussed in brief in a smaller book called Maamar HaIkarim (the English translation of this book is now available on the Web with the title 'Essay on Fundamentals'). Da'at Tevunot ('The Knowing Heart') also found its existence in the Dutch city as the missing link between rationality and Kabbalah, a dialogue between the intellect and the soul. On the other hand, Derech Tevunot ('The Way of Understanding') introduces the logic which structures Talmudic debates as a means to understanding the world.
One major rabbinic contemporary who praised Luzzatto's writing was Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna, the Vilna Gaon (1720–1797), who was considered to be the most authoritative Torah sage of the modern era as well as a great kabbalist himself. He was reputed to have said after reading the Mesillat Yesharim, that were Luzzatto still alive, he would have walked from Vilna to learn at Luzzatto's feet.[2][3] He stated that having read the work, the first ten chapters contained not a superfluous word.
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Luzzatto also wrote poetry and drama. Although most of it is seemingly secular, some scholars claim to have identified mystical undertones in this body of work as well. His writing is strongly influenced by the Jewish poets of Spain and by contemporary Italian authors.[4]
The cantor of the Sephardic synagogue in Amsterdam, Abraham Caceres, worked with Luzzatto to set several of his poems to music.[5][6]
Acre, Israel[edit]
Frustrated by his inability to teach kabbalah, Luzzatto left Amsterdam for the Holy Land in 1743, settling in Acre. Three years later, he and his family died in a plague.
Legacy[edit]
Burial site[edit]
Though it is accepted by scholars that his tomb is in Kafr Yasif, where some assume to have identified it, his burial place is traditionally said to be near the Talmudic sage Rabbi Akiva in Tiberias, northern Israel. It is noteworthy that there are many scholars who make some comparison between the Ramchal and Rabbi Akiva. Some believe that the Ramchal is actually a Gilgul (reincarnation) of Rabbi Akiva. Probably also because Kafr Yasif is now an Arab town while Tiberias is Jewish, the Tiberias tomb is the destination of almost all of the pilgrims seeking his final resting place.
Synagogue in Acre[edit]
Luzzato's original synagogue in Akko was razed by the city's Bedouin ruler, Zahir al-Umar, in 1758, who built a mosque on top of it. In its place, the Jews of Akko received a small building north of the mosque which still functions as a synagogue and bears Luzzato's name.[7]
Religious writings[edit]
A century after his death, Luzzatto was rediscovered by the Musar movement, which adopted his ethical works. It was the great Torah ethicist, Israel Salanter (1810–1883), who placed the Messilat Yesharim at the heart of the Musar (ethics) curriculum of the major yeshivas of Eastern Europe.Derech Hashem, Luzzato's treatise on Jewish theology, eventually came to be considered as an authoritave guide in Jewish theology.[citation needed]
Secular literary legacy[edit]
The Hebrew writers of the Haskalah, the Jewish expression of the Enlightenment, greatly admired Luzatto's secular writings and deemed him the founder of modern Hebrew literature. His cousin, the poet Ephraim Luzzatto (1729–1792), also exerted genuine influence on the first stirrings of modern Hebrew poetry.
Bibliography[edit]
These are some of the other books that RaMChaL wrote:[8]
- Ma'aseh Shimshon ('The Story of Samson')
- Lashon Limudim ('A Tongue for Teaching')An 1833 edition of Lashon limudim.
- Migdal Oz ('A Tower of Strength')
- Zohar Kohelet ('The Zohar to the Book of Ecclesiastes')
- Shivim Tikkunim ('Seventy Tikkunim') which parallels the seventy Tikkunei Zohar
- Zohar Tinyanah ('A Second Zohar') no longer exists
- Klallot Haillan or Klalut Hailan ('The Principal Elements of The Tree [of Life]') a synopsis of the ARI's basic work of Kabbalah
- Ma'amar HaShem ('A Discourse on God')
- Ma'amar HaMerkava ('A Discourse on The Chariot')
- Ma'amar Shem Mem-Bet ('A Discourse on the 42 letter Name [of God]')
- Ma'amar HaDin ('A Discourse on [Divine] Judgment')
- Ma'amar HaChochma or Maamar Ha'hokhma ('A Discourse on Wisdom') focuses on Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, and Passover from a Kabbalistic perspective
- Ma'amar HaGeulah ('A Discourse on The Redemption' or 'The Great Redemption')
- Ma'amar HaNevuah ('A Discourse on Prophecy')
- Mishkanei Elyon or Mishkane 'Elyon ('Exalted Towers') a Kabbalistic understanding of the Holy Temple with a depiction of the third Temple's dimensions
- Ain Yisrael ('The Well of Israel')
- Ain Yaakov ('The Well of Jacob')
- Milchamot HaShem ('The Wars of God') which defends Kabbalah against its detractors
- Kinnaot HaShem Tzivakot or Kinat H' Tsevaot ('Ardent [Defenses] for The L-rd of Hosts') offers details about the redemption and the Messiah.
- Adir Bamarom ('[God is] Mighty on High') a commentary on the Iddrah Rabbah ('The Great Threshing Room') section of the Zohar
- Iggrot Pitchei Chochma v'Da'at or Klale Pit'he 'Hokhma Veda'at ('Letters [to Serve] as an Opening to Wisdom and Knowledge') spells out and explains certain erudite principles of the Jewish faith according to the Kabbalah
- Sefer Daniel ('The Book of Daniel'), an esoteric commentary to this Biblical work
- Tiktu Tephilot ('515 Prayers') focuses on prayers for the revelation of God's sovereignty
- Kitzur Kavvanot ('Abbreviated Intentions') allows the reader an overview of the ARI's recorded prayer-intentions
- Ma'amar HaVechuach ('A Discourse [that serves as] The Argument') pits a Kabbalist against a rationalist as each tries to defend his way of thinking
- Klach Pitchei Chochma or Kala'h Pitkhe 'Hokhma ('138 Openings to Wisdom') one of Ramchal's most important works in that it lays out his thinking about the symbolic nature of the Ari's writings and Ramchal's own explanations of those symbols
- Areichat Klallot HaEilan ('A Dictionary of The Principal Elements to The Tree [of Life]')
- Klallim ('Principal Elements') a series of short and pithy presentations of the main principles of the Kabbalistic system said outright
- Da'at Tevunot or Da'ath Tevunoth ('The Knowing Heart' or 'Knowing the Reasons'), a work that explains the duality of positive and negative that exists on all levels of reality, that this is the basis of God's 'showing his face/hiding his face' to and from humanity, and the dual existence of good and evil
- Peirush al Midrash Rabbah ('A Commentary on Midrash Rabbah') that is not Kabbalistic so much as symbolic
- Derech HaShem or Derekh HaShem ('The Way of God') one of his best known works: a succinct laying-out of the fundamentals of the Jewish faith touching upon mankind's obligations in this world and its relations to God
- Ma'amar al HaAggadot ('A Discourse on Aggadah') which is an explanation that Aggadic literature is not literal but metaphoric
- Ma'amar HaIkkurim or Maamar Ha'ikarim ('A Discourse on the Fundamentals') a short and succinct laying-out of the fundamentals of the Jewish religion like 'The Way of God' that touches upon certain other themes
- Derech Chochma or Sepher Derekh 'Hokhma ('The Way of Wisdom'), which serves as a dialogue between a young person and a sage with the latter setting out a lifetime course of Torah study culminating in the study of Kabbalah An 1836 edition of Derech Chochma.
- Vichuach HaChocham V'HaChassid ('The Argument between the Sage and the Pious Man') which is actually a first draft of Messilat Yesharim that only resurfaced recently
- Messilat Yesharim or Mesilat Yesharim ('The Path of the Just'), his most famous work that enables its readers to grow in piety step by step, was written when he was 33 (in 1740)
- Sefer HaDikduk ('The Book of Grammar')
- Sefer HaHigayon ('The Book of Logic') lays out the correct way to think and analyze
- Ma'amar al HaDrasha ('A Discourse on Homilies') encourages the study of Kabbalah and Mussar
- Sefer Hamalitza ('The Book of Style') offers the art of accurate writing and expression
- Derech Tevunot ('The Way of Understanding') explains the Talmudic way of thinking
- LaYesharim Tehilla ('Praise be to the Upright') is a dramatic work
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'רמחל - Biography of the Ramchal'. www.ramhal.com. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- ^Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan, 'Deepening one's relationship with God' lecture series, audio format
- ^Luzzatto, Moshe Hayyim (1997), The Way of God (Hebrew: Derech Hashem) (Sixth, corrected edition, 1998), Jerusalem, Feldheim Publishers, p 15, ISBN978-0-87306-344-9
- ^needs citations
- ^Alfred Sendrey, The music of the Jews in the Diaspora (up to 1800) 1971 '.. Moses Hayyim Luzzatto, who lived in Amsterdam from 1736 to 1743, wrote the poems and Abraham Caceres the music.'
- ^Journal of synagogue music: 5 - 3 Cantors Assembly of America - 1974 'In the texts of poems composed for this occasion by the Amsterdam rabbis Isaac Aboab da Fonseca [..] later set to music by Abraham Caceres, also appears in this important musical manuscript, on fol. l5b-l6a..'
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-05-05.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^'Ramchal'. Torah.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Moshe Chaim Luzzatto |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moshe Chaim Luzzatto. |
- MP3s of a class that is reading Derech HaShem ('The Way of God')[permanent dead link]
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Cover of the first edition of Mesillat Yesharim.
Mesillat Yesharim or Mesillas Yeshorim (Hebrew: מסילת ישרים Easy uninstaller windows 10. , lit. 'Path of the Upright') is an ethical (musar) text composed by the influential RabbiMoshe Chaim Luzzatto (1707–1746). It is different from Luzzato's other writings, which are more philosophical.
Mesillat Yesharim was written and published in Amsterdam. The earliest known manuscript version, written in 1738, was arranged as a dialogue between a hakham (wise man) and a hasid (pious person). Before publication, it was rearranged to have only one speaker. The dialogue version often sheds light on the more well-known version.
Mesillat Yesharim is probably Luzzato's most influential work, widely learned in virtually every yeshiva since formal study of musar texts was introduced to the yeshiva curriculum by the Mussar Movement of RabbiYisroel Salanter.
Aim of the work[edit]
The aim of this work extends beyond the achievement of the perfection of human character in Divine service. Its stated aim is to remind the reader of one's deepest obligations in this regard, as well as to encourage the centrality of the deep study of this subject matter in one's daily life. Unlike many other musar books, which are ordered according to the authors' own lists of character traits, Luzzato builds his work on a Beraita (quoted in many places, including (Babylonian Talmud, Avodah Zarah 20b)) in the name of the sage Pinchas ben Yair, whose list goes in order of accomplishment: 'Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair said:Torah leads to watchfulness;Watchfulness leads to alacrity;Alacrity leads to cleanliness;Cleanliness leads to abstention;Abstention leads to purity;Purity leads to piety;Piety leads to humility;Humility leads to fear of sin;Fear of sin leads to holiness;Holiness leads to prophecy;Prophecy leads to the resurrection of the dead'.
Within each step, Luzzatto explains the step itself, its elements, how it can be acquired, and what might detract from its acquisition. For example: Watchfulness can be acquired by setting aside time for introspection, and acquiring watchfulness can be impaired by excessive mundane responsibilities, wrong company or a cynical stance in life. The same pattern is used for every single one of the traits mentioned.
Outline[edit]
- Introduction
- Man's General Duty in His World (Ch. 1)
- Watchfulness (zehirut) (Ch. 2-5)
- Alacrity (zerizut) (Ch. 6-9)
- Cleanliness (of sin, nekiyut) (Ch. 10-12)
- Abstention (of improper practices, perishut) (Ch. 13-15)
- Purity (tahara) (Ch. 16-17)
- Piety (chassidut) (Ch. 18-21)
- Humility (anava) (Ch. 22-23)
- Fear of sin (yirat chet) (Ch. 24-25)
- Holiness (kedusha) (Ch. 26-27)
- Epilogue
Influence[edit]
Path Of The Just Luzzatto Pdf Download
Mesillat Yesharim is perhaps the most important Jewishethical text of the post-Middle Ages period. The Vilna Gaon is reported to have commented that he couldn't find a superfluous word in the first eleven chapters of the work, and stated that he would have traveled to meet the author and learn from his ways if he'd still been alive. These and similar pronouncements largely cleared Luzzato from misgivings by others as to his suspected Sabbatean leanings.
Resources/References[edit]
- Complete Messillat Yesharim online
- Translations
- Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim. Messillat Yesharim: The Path of the Upright; translated by Mordecai Kaplan from the critical edition. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. ISBN978-0-8276-0856-6.
- Luzzato, Rabbi Moshe Chayim. Mesillas Yeshorim; translated by Rav. Yaakov Bar Yosef. Netzari Faith Publishers. ISBN9781329314627.
- Luzzato, Rabbi Moshe Chayim. Mesillas Yeshorim; translated by Yosef Leiber. New York: Feldheim Publishers. ISBN1-58330-691-9.
- Luzzato, Rabbi Moshe Chayim. The Path of the Just; translated by Yaakov Feldman. New York: Jason Aronson Publishers. ISBN1-56821-596-7.
- Luzzato, Rabbi Moshe Chayim. The Complete Mesillat Yesharim; translated by Avraham Shoshana and associates. Cleveland: Ofeq Institute. ISBN1-881255-44-1.
- Commentaries on Messilllat Yesharim
- Ira F. Stone's commentary, included in the new Jewish Publication Society edition of the book (ISBN978-0-8276-0856-6).
- Hillel, Yaakov Moshe. Ascending the Path: Insights Into Mesillat Yesharim. Jerusalem: Yeshivat Hevrat Ahavat Shalom. 7 vol
- Ohr La'Yesharim on Mesilat Yesharim with a compendium of commentaries and explanations by great rabbis from the Musar Movement.
- Mesilat Yesharim with commentary Sod L'Yesharim, a compendium of commentaries and explanations from other books by the Ramchal.
- Mandelbaum, Alexander Aryeh. Bam'silah Naale.
Path Of The Just Luzzatto Pdf Free
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